# Administrivia

• Goal of E-101: Show engineering as a profession, the design cycle, basic problem solving.
• Goals of E-102: Specific the grand challenges engineers face, how engineers tackle those, and how those challenges impact history, politics, society, etc.
  • This is a GEP (interdisciplinary perspectives).
• We only meet once a week on Thursday!
• 1 Free absence allowed. After -5% per class (for unexcused)

## Professor

• Name: Hailey Queen
• Email: haqueen@ncsu.edu
• Office hours on syllabus

## TA

• Name: Lexi Kloeppel
• Major: Chemical Engineering Major, Biomanufacturing Minor - Senior
• Email: lrkloeppel@ncsu.edu
• Takes care of absences

## Grades

# Grand Challenges

• 14 Engineering Grand Challenges
• Founded by National Academy of Engineers (NAE)
• Created in 2008
• National Academy of Engineers: A large body of engineers that helps set ethics standards, promote engineering concerns, and set goals (the Grand Challenges)
  • Established 1964
  • Members elected by current members based on research (~2000)
    • NC State has 14 :)
  • Part of National Academy of Sciences founded by Abraham Lincoln

## Categories

• Health
  • Advance health informatics
  • Engineer better medicines
  • Reverse-engineer the brain
• Security
  • Prevent nuclear terror
  • Secure cyberspace
• Sustainability
  • Make solar energy affordable
  • Provide energy from fusion
  • Developer carbon sequestration methods
  • Manage the nitrogen cycle
  • Provide access to clean water
• Joy of Living
  • Enhance virtual reality
  • Advance personalized learning
  • Engineer the tools for scientific discovery

## Enhancing Virtual Reality

Virtual reality is all about simulating reality so we can have more control in education, training, entertainment, and even more scenarios.

Currently, the main components are goggles/headsets, headphones/earbuds, and movement sensors. In the future, omnidirectional treadmills, touch simulators, and possibly other tools will become part of the standard VR toolset.

This has connections to [personalizing learning](#Advance Personalized Learning)

• Important People:
  • Jaron Lanier

## Advance Personalized Learning

• Big Ideas:
  • People are different
  • Motivation
  • Let students move at their own rate.
  • We collect more data to figure out how students learn, what they are learning, and how to better help them. (machine learning and data science???)
  • Get quick feedback from immediate assessment to send help people.
  • Figure out what students are interested in and use that to help keep them interesting.
• Why is it important?
  • We need educated people for almost everything.
  • Our education system kinda sucks.
  • We have a shit ton of people drop out.
• Connections:
  • Personalized Medicine: Using data.
  • Reverse Engineer the Brain: How does it work?
  • Enhancing Virtual Reality: Cool new way to teach!

## Carbon Sequestration

• Chemical Engineering's most important and personal grand challenges.
• Scrubber: Removes $C{O}_2$ from gas.
  • Types: Wet gas scrubber.
• US Expected Cost from Climate Change: 20$ trillion.
  • 2nd highest in the world.
• Current Solutions: Shift energy sources, land management, carbon injection, biochar/biomass, rock storage.
• Current Issues: Which solution should we do? God it's so expensive. No solution is very good so far.
  • Carbon Tax: Companies lobby against it because they don't want to spend it.

## Manage the Nitrogen Cycle

• Sustainability: Maintaining balance of resource use in environment.
• Things that Add Nitrogen to Ground: Legumes (nitrogen fixing root nodules), fertilizer, nitrifying bacteria.
• Things that Remove Nitrogen from Ground: Denitrifying bacteria, soil leeching (water), plant roots.
• How does nitrogen get added by humans? Primarily creating nitrogen based fertilizer and disrupting ecosystems (killing nitrogen providing legumes).
• Why is the nitrogen cycle important? Because nitrous oxide is a very strong greenhouse gas and nitrogen can get into water (from runoff) and ruin aquatic ecosystems (fish kills, eutrophication, algal blooms).

## Reverse-Engineering the Brain

• Impacts:
  • Cure/help neurological diseases.
  • Advance computing.
  • Understanding humans.
  • Advances in prosthetics.

## Health Informations

• Health Informations: The acquisition, management, and use of data in health and medical setting.
• Very closely related with engineering better medicines. How can you create better medicine if you don't have info?

## Preventing Nuclear Terror

• Currently, our "best" method of preventing nuclear terror is Mutually Assured
• Destruction (MAD), which is a shit method.
• Three parts to using nuclear weapons.
  • Obtaining nuclear materials - The hardest one.
    • Uranium 235, Plutonium 239 are used because they are fissile (can sustain chain reactions).
    • You get plutonium 239 from a breeder reactor (creates it) and uranium 235 from enrichment.
  • Obtaining a detonation method.
  • Delivering the weapons.
• Solutions:
  • Systems for tracking nuclear materials and weapons.
  • Nuclear car wash.
  • Computer modeling of nuclear attacks to guide warning systems and clean up.

### Anantomy of Nuclear Weapons/Reactor

• For a weapon to work, a reaction needs to be supercritical.
• Subcritical: Not enough neutrons are released to sustain the reaction. Dies out.
• Critical: Just enoug neutrons to release to sustain the reaction. Self sustains.
• Supercritical: More neutrons are released than need to sustain the reaciton. Goes boom.
• Types of Nuclear Assemblies / Detonators:
  • Gun type: A conventional explosive to the side of two nuclear pieces explodes and pushes the two pieces together. Can only be used for uranium
  • Implosion type: A conventional explosive surrounds the nuclear material and explodes, compressing the nuclear material. Can be used for everything.
• Enriching uranium 235: You use mass separation. This is normally done now by gaseous centrifuging, since uranium 235 is lighter than normal uranium 239.
• Breeding plutonium 239: Basically there is a series of nuclear processes that convert uranium 238 to plutonium 239.
  • Normal reactors create plutonium 240, which can't be used for nuclear weapons because it blows itself up before it goes supercritical.

## Restore Urban Infrastructure

• Why security? Urban infrastructure impacts the safety/stability of society as a whole.
  • Think Flint, Michigan and the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse.
• Issues:
  • US gets a D+ from the American Society of Civil Engineers
• Why is it hard?
  • It's really expensive
  • It isn't sexy.
  • People don't see the benefit.

# Majors

## Biomedical Engineering

• Focuses: biomaterials, biomechanical,

## Chemical Engineering

• AKA: Process engineering.
• Not always in manufaturing.
• Often used as a spring board to medical/dental school.
• 7 concentrations.
• Research: Biofuels, biomolecular, complex fluids, nanoscience, polymers, engineering, computational, kinetics/electrochemical.

### Jobs

• Traditional: Chemical processing, petroleum refining, paper production, synthetic materials, textiles, food processing, brewing.
• Emerging: Pharmaceutical, nanotechnology, bioengineering, green engineering, microelectronics, alternative energy.
• NC State pay after school: ~69,500$

## Industrial and System Engineering

• Determine the most effective ways to use people, resources, information, energy, etc.
  • Quality, efficiency, cost
• Essentially fancy management, planning, and HR
• Relevant Fields: Management and planning of manufacturing, hospitals, and also Disney by some strange alchemy.

### Impacts

• The moving assembly line
  • Effective use of labor resources
  • Increased speed
  • Increased quality
• The widespread adoption of cars (boo!)
  • Model T: 93 Minutes and $290

## Material Science Engineering

• Largest Users of Solar (by raw amount): China > Japan > Germany > US
• Solar Energy ~1% of energy produced
• Focus: Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, microelectronics
• "Making Stuff: Stronger, Smaller, Cleaner, and Smarter"

## Nuclear Engineering

• Possible Fields: Energy, medicine, medical imaging, military, nuclear terror (politics).
• Related Grand Challenges: Provide energy from fusion, engineer better medicines, reverse-engineer the brain, prevent nuclear terror, engineer the tools for discovery.

### Fusion

• Method: Fuse tritium (formed from nuclear reaction Lithium) and deuterium.
• Pros: Creates a lot of energy, extremely clean, very reliable, won't have runaway reactions.
• Cons: It's really hard, like, really really hard.

### Fission

• Pros: It creates a lot energy, it produces no carbon emissions, very reliable.
• Cons: It's much cheaper, it can be unsafe, it can have runaway reactions.

### Medical Field

• Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT): A form of imaging that can better show brain-related issues.

## Paper Science and Engineering

• Paper Science and Engineering: Specialization of chemical engineering.
• In the College of Engineering and College of Natural Resources
• Often double major in PSE and CHE
• Lots of hands-on learning.

### Finances

• Highest paid NC State Engineering major.
• 50%-60% of students have a scholarship.

## Civil Engineering

• Deals with design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure.
• 2nd oldest.
• Subdisciplines:
  • Structural engineering
  • Transportation engineering
  • Geotechnical engineering
  • Construction engineering
  • Water resources and engineering
  • Environmental engineering
• Size: 1000 undergraduates.